Prace Ipi Pan Ics Pas Reports
نویسندگان
چکیده
We follow a new paradigm of programming languages in which imperative programming constructs and programming abstractions are built around a declarative query language. Seamless integration of queries with programming constructs implies a new approach to query languages, in which we employ the classical naming, scoping and binding issues. We de ne a simple abstract storage model, which makes possible to map modelling primitives of data models, including relational and object-oriented models. Our main concern are iterations encapsulated in the form q1 q2, where q1 and q2 are arbitrary queries, and is an operator having some tradition in the QLs domain: can be selection, projection, navigation, join, quanti er, sorting, transitive closure, etc. Such operators are formally de ned by an abstract machine, which iteratively evaluates q2 in new environments, which are determined by tuples returned by q1. The machine is based on two stacks: the result stack storing partial results of evaluation, and the environment stack, determining scoping and binding. The approach allows us in a consistent semantic frame to consider query constructs which resemble well-known approaches (tuple and domain relational calculi, SQL, and objectoriented query languages). It directly corresponds to the real implementation and it is already implemented in the system LOQIS. The approach supports complex objects, object identities, null-values and variants. Query operators can be seamlessly integrated with imperative constructs such as updating, for each, etc. We discuss procedures and functional procedures (views) based on queries, and object-oriented concepts. Finally, a new optimization method based on the proposed approach is presented. 3 Podej scie do j , ezyk ow zapyta n oparte o stos Streszczenie Artyku l dotyczy nowego paradygmatu j , ezyk ow programowania polegaj , acego na tym, _ ze konstrukcje imperatywne oraz abstrakcje programistyczne s , a budowane dooko la deklaracyjnego j , ezyka zapyta n. Bezszwowa integracja zapyta n z konstrukcjami programistycznymi implikuje nowe podej scie do j , ezyk ow zapyta n, w kt orym stosujemy klasyczne rozwi , azania okre slane jako nazywanie, ograniczanie zakresu i wi , azanie. De niujemy prosty, abstrakcyjny model przechowywania obiekt ow, umo_ zliwiaj , acy odwzorowanie elementarnych poj , e c modeli danych, w szczeg olno sci modelu relacyjnego i modeli obiektowych. Zajmujemy si , e g l ownie iteracjami ukrytymi w formie q1 q2, gdzie q1 i q2 s , a dowolnymi zapytaniami, za s jest operatorem posiadaj , acym pewn , a tradycj , e w j , ezykach zapyta n: mo_ ze by c selekcj , a, projekcj , a, nawigacj , a, kwanty katorem, operatorem sortowania, operatorem tranzytywnego domkni , ecia, itp. Takie operatory s , a formalnie zde niowane poprzez maszyn , e abstrakcyjn , a, kt ora iteracyjnie oblicza q2 w nowych srodowiskach, wyznaczonych przez krotki zwr ocone jako wynik q1. Dzia lanie maszyny opiera si , e na dw och stosach: stos rezultat ow, przechowuj , acy cz , e sciowe rezultaty oblicze n, i stos srodowisk, okre slaj , acy ograniczenia zakresu i wi , azanie. Podej scie to pozwala nam, w semantycznie sp ojnych ramach formalnych, rozwa_ za c konstrukcje j , ezyk ow zapyta n przypominaj , ace dobrze znane podej scia (krotkowy i dziedzinowy rachunek relacji, SQL, oraz obiektowe j , ezyki zapyta n). Jest ono bezpo srednio zgodne z rzeczywist , a implementacj , a i zosta lo ju_ z zaimplementowane w systemie LOQIS. Podej scie to uwzgl , edniania z lo_ zone obiekty, identy katory obiekt ow, warto sci zerowe i warianty. Operatory j , ezyka zapyta n mog , a by c bezszwowo zintegrowane z konstrukcjami imperatywnymi, takimi jak aktualizacje, for each, itp. W artykule dyskutujemy procedury i procedury funkcyjne (wizje) oparte na zapytaniach, oraz poj , ecia zwi , azane z podej sciem obiektowym. Na ko ncu prezentujemy now , a metod , e optymalizacji zapyta n, opart , a na proponowanym podej sciu. 4
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